Garai horretan, eta gutxi gora behera 1908ra arte , artistak bere pinturetan inpresionismoaren hizkuntza erabili zuen, 1904an margotutako Amsterdam, ikuspegia lehiotik (Amsterdam, Blick aus dem Fenster) hartutzat adibidetzat, ondoren hau geroago sortuko zituen Konposizioengatik famatua izango zen arren. Bertan kolore harmonia desberdinak aditzera ematen dituela nabari da argi eta garbi. Hala ere, esan beharra dago, garai hartan sortu zituen grabatuak berritzaileagoak eta konposizio egituratik benetan bereizten zirenak zirela, baita pintoreak kolore sinpleen gama ezberdinekin esperimentatzeko zuen nahia (1903ko Abeslaria (Sängerin), horren adierazle izanik kolore grisen bariazio sotila edota 1903ko Dama abanikoarekin (Dame mit Fächer), non kolore harmonia desberdinak aditzera nola ematen diren den nabarmen nabaritzen.

Berak koloreak naturarekin lotzen zituen estuki, eta artea betiere gizonarekin eta honen inguruarekin lotuta egon behar zela pentsatzen zuen. Koloreak nahasterako orduan ,beraz, koloreak tenperaturarekin eta honek sorrarazten digutenarekin lotzeko joera izango du artistak.

Munichen hamazortzi urte igaro ondoren Phalanx arte eskola sortu zuen beste artista batzuekin, zein hauekin harreman oso estua izango zukeen gerora eta non irakasle lanetan arituko zen, baita bere lehenengo xilografiak (zurezko taula inprimitze teknika modu bat) sortzen. Bertako metodologia aurretik aplikatu gabea izan zen, berritzailea, ikasleak hartu eta hiritik edota honen inguruetatik bizikletan txangoak egitera bultzatzen zituen eskolak zirelako.

Artistak artea naturarekin lotzeko joera izaten zuen, bere aburuz artea ez zegoela naturan oinarrituta, baina bai naturaren legeetan

Ideia hain konplexu hauek Wikipedian islatzeake skatzen du. Aurrekari historikoak, lehenengo misioak espaziora, hiru programa amerikarrak: Mercury, Gemini eta, garrantzitusena, Apolo programa; ilargiratze-misioak, ilargiratu ibilitako astronautak eta legatua. Horretarako RIA Novosti, El Mundo eta NASAren webguneetako artikuluetan oinarritu gara informazioa ziurra eta egiazkoa izan zedin. Zenbait bideo behatu ditugu aurreko informazioa osotzeko. Hasiera batean, Google docs plataforman ekin genion lanari baina klaseko ariketaren helburuak betetzen ez zituenez Deustuko Littera Wikian zirriborroa abian jarri genuen “Lehia Espaziala” deituriko sarrera irekiz. Jarraian, lanako atalak banatu genituen hiruron artean eta bakoitzak ia egunerako ekarpenak burutu zituen, lana osotuz eta gizenduz joan zen, baina zenbait arazo sortu ziren gaztelerako itzulpenak zirela eta. Euskaraz hiztegi zientifikoa gazteleraz beste osotuta ez dagoenez, lana zaildu zitzaigun. Gainera, taulak egiteko garaian argazkiak ezin ziren jarri Wikipedian legez.

Behin artikulua amaiturik, lana gainebegiratu genuen atalen arteko kohesioa baiezta genezan. Hurrengo pausua Wikipedia aurrekontua irekitzea izan da. Oso erraza eta azkarra den erregistroa egin ostean, lana osoa kopiatu eta “Lehia Espaziala” Wikipediako euskarako sarreran txertatu genuen.  Halaber, argazkian jarri genituen nahiz eta hasieran arazoak eduki genituen “fitxategi” edo “file” jartzean. Baina “Wikimmedia Commons”-etik argazkiak hartu genituen. Jarraian, bertako erabiltzaileak artikulua zuzentzen hasi ziren zenbait akats gramatikalak baitzeuden. Azkenik, artikuluan zehar ageri diren hitz gakoak estekak sartu genituen artikuluak Wikipediak eskatzen duen zuzentasuna bete dezan.

Lana baikorra izan da taldearentzat bi zentzutan. Alde batetik, Wikipediaren sistema erabiltzen ikasi dugu: argazkiak jartzen, taulak egiten, estekak jartzen, etab. Argi dago etorkizunerako baliagarria izan daitekeela gaitasun hauek berenganatzea. Izan ere, orain arte ezer gutxi genekien plataforma hauen inguruan eta orain gai gara hedabide hauek erabiltzen. Bestalde, ariketak aukeratutako gaiaren inguruan ikertzeko grina piztu digu eta oso gustora aritu gara euskal Wikipediarekin elkarlanean arituz.

Erreferentziak:

- Wikipediara igotako artikulua: http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazioko_lasterketa

- Deustuko Littera Wikian landutako artikulua: http://wiki.littera.deusto.es/en/index.php/Infoman1112/Space_Race

David Hockney 1937an jaio zen Bradford, Yorkshire-n.  Gurasoek eragin handia izan zuten beregan. Bere aita ezaguna zen herrian bere jarrera eszentrikoengatik, eta bere antzerki, arte eta marrazkigintza zaletasunak influentziatu egin zuten Hockney gaztetan. Ama oso maitagarria zen eta honek ere asko eragin zuen Hockney-ren izakeran.

Bere familia “radical working-class family” gisa deskribatzen du eta familia akomodatuan bizi izan zela esaten du. Horrela, batetik, posibilitate ekonomikoek; eta bestetik, gurasoen ikasi gura horrek, Hockney ikastera eraman zuen. Lehenengo Bradford-eko arte eskolan, eta gero Londresko Royal College of Art-en.

Hori bukatzean, EEBBtara joan zen, Los Angelesera. (Han margotu zituen gero ezagutaraziko zituen igerilekuak. Bestalde, hemen hasi zen argazkiak ateratzen, hasieran, bere lanak egiteko aide memoire gisa. Horrez gain, hainbat unibertsitatetan irakasle lanean jardun zuen.

Gero, 1982an, argazkigintza ikertzen hasi zen. Kubismoa eta “the depiction of pictorical space” ikerketaren zati. Hilabete gutxian, 100 lanetik gora egin zituen, gero “Drawing with a Camera” izenburupeko erakusketa batean erakutsiko dituenak.

Aipatu beharra dago, garai honetan entzumena galtzen hasi zela. Lawrence Weschler-ek horrek eraginik izan ote zuen galdetuta hau erantzuten du Hockneyk itsuei gertatzen zaienarekin lotuz:

Surely as my hearing began to grow muffled, I was having to rely more on my vision. There’s the old truism regarding blind people that they use their hearing to help locate themselves and that therefore they probably develop more acuate hearing. Well, the reverse must also be true: a loss of hearing ought to lead to more acute vision and in particular visual perception of space. (…)So, sure, I think that has been an important influence in the past several years. Another way of talking about photocollages and the recent paintings is that they are the product of a man who was suddenly having to look “listeningly”. And who heard.

Gaur egun, iPad-ean egindako lanak sortzen dihardu.

Close to the signs, close to the road, close to the shrubbery, close to everything –you can see the textures of things. You actually move to look at things.

the driver and the passenger see the road in different ways. When you drive you read all the road signs, but when you’re the passenger, you don’t, you can decide to look where you want.

So the picture is about driving without the car but in it. The more you look at it, the more you realize it’s about “driving”

Erreferentziak:

• HOCKNEY, David (1988) David Hockney: A Retrospective, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New York

• HOCKNEY, David & WESCHLER, Lawrence (1984) Camerawoks, London: Thames and Hudson 

• JOYCE, Paul (1988) Hockney : on photography : conversations with Paul Joyce, London: Jonathan Cape

• Eduardo Iglesias Brickles (2009) El “Cubismo” fotográfico de David Hokcney retrieved 2012-05-08 from http://weblogs.clarin.com/revistaenie-testigoocular/2009/01/21/el_%E2%80%9Ccubismo%E2%80%9D_fotografico_de_hockney/

First of all we started creating an account. Due to the vandalism actions made by some of our classmates, we were not able to sign in with classroom´s computers, so we created it at home. After that, in order to start editing the new post safely, we copied and paste it in the sandbox. It was funny playing with the configuration and the templates, and when a problem appeared, it was really easy to solve it. Using and reading Wikipedia´s help page we learned quickly.

So, after learning how to edit, the time to post it in the “real” Wikipedia came. It was really really easy. We used the article wizard, which in few steps allowed us to create a completely new Wikipedia article (a sinple but an usefull one). There it was! Our first Wikipedia article. It was created, categorized, wrote, with title and sources. Just with some clicks and keys. But the trip did not finish there.

The same day the article was published, there was people who helped us, editing things, and creating and using templates. Thanks to Marklar2007 and Joxemai users! It was amazing to saw that collaboration spirit. We knew Wikipedia was a collective wikispace where people can collaborate when and how they want, but we did not expect it.

Creating a Wikipedia article has been the best exercise of Infoman1112, because it is not only useful for us, but for other posible users or readers too. It has been a really enriching experience which has teached us two important things:

1. Wikipedia is a collaborative space, where anyone can help, full of users who are ready to help
2. At the same way you use Wikipedia´s content, you should create more content (if does not matter if it is a short article, or and new edition of an existing one), because is the only way to show your gratitude to the users

Finally, if someone wants to read the article, here is the link:

• In Time. (2012, maiatza 10). Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea. Retrieved 08:24, maiatzak 14, 2012 from http://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Time&oldid=2911515.

Digital curation involves selection and appraisal by creators and archivists; evolving provision of intellectual access; redundant storage; data transformations; and, for some materials, a commitment to long-term preservation. Digital curation is stewardship that provides for the reproducibility and re-use of authentic digital data and other digital assets. Development of trustworthy and durable digital repositories; principles of sound metadata creation and capture; use of open standards for file formats and data encoding; and the promotion of information management literacy are all essential to the longevity of digital resources and the success of curation efforts.

Digital curation-a digital aktiboaren selekzio, babes, manteinu, bilketa eta artxibaketan datza beraz, eta hurrengo praktika hauek ahalbidetzen dizkigu:

• Digital content is captured for long-term use and its integrity assured.
• Researchers can find and use digital content for secondary analysis.
• Digital content is available in an appropriate form for the designated community.
• Privacy is protected for research subjects represented in data.
• Digital content is secured in online, near-line, and offline storage.
• Digital content is stored in preservable formats for current and future use.

Christopher A. Lee eta Helen R. Tibbo-k babes digitala (digital preservation) digital curation-en azpi-kontzeptu giltz bezala identifikatu izan dute. Babes digitalari hurrengo esanahia ematen dio Wikipedia Entzilopedia askeak: “se basa en la búsqueda de soluciones para conservar aquellos documentos digitales almacenados, sea cual sea su formato, el software, hardware o sistema que se utilizó para su creación, manteniendo así la información pese a los rápidos cambios tecnológicos”.

Garrantzitsua da baita content curation eta content aggregation-aren arteko muga eta desberdintasunak azpimarratzea; eta klaseko set4-an adierazi dudanez, “aggregation must be understood as the bringing together of content from various sources, while curation is about organizing, maintaining and adding value to a body of information for current and future use”.

Content curation eta informazio filtroaren arteko lotura estuaz, honela mintzo da Tony Karrer, ”It’s very hard to separate social filtering from curation. Automated aggregation without curation, is mostly spam; and so, the suggested solution is in the mix, a combination of both, human curation and machine aggregation, because both have their own limits”.

Neil Beagrie-ren laneko konklusio interesgarri batzuk aitatuko ditut postari amaiera emateko eta gaia ixteko;

Significant effort needs to be put into developing a persistent information infrastructure for digital materials and into developing the digital curation skills of researchers and information professionals. Without this, current investment in digitisation and digital content will only secure short-term rather than lasting benefits.

References:

• Christopher A. Lee and Helen R. Tibbo. “Digital Curation and Trusted Repositories: Step Towards Success”. 2007. Retrieved 2012.05.09 from http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/viewArticle/229/183.
• Tony Karrer. “Automated Filtering vs Human-Powered Curation”. 2010.09.20. Retrieved 2012.05.o9 from http://www.aggregage.com/blog/best/automated-filtering-human-powered-curation.
• Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. “Digital preservation”. 2012.03.18. Retrieved 2012.05.09 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservation.
• Neil Beagrie. “Digital Curation for Science, Digital Libraries, and Individuals”. 2006. Retrieved 2012.05.09 from http://ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/view/6.
  

Digital curation involves selection and appraisal by creators and archivists; evolving provision of intellectual access; redundant storage; data transformations; and, for some materials, a commitment to long-term preservation. Digital curation is stewardship that provides for the reproducibility and re-use of authentic digital data and other digital assets. Development of trustworthy and durable digital repositories; principles of sound metadata creation and capture; use of open standards for file formats and data encoding; and the promotion of information management literacy are all essential to the longevity of digital resources and the success of curation efforts.

Digital curation-a digital aktiboaren selekzio, babes, manteinu, bilketa eta artxibaketan datza beraz, eta hurrengo praktika hauek ahalbidetzen dizkigu:

• Digital content is captured for long-term use and its integrity assured.
• Researchers can find and use digital content for secondary analysis.
• Digital content is available in an appropriate form for the designated community.
• Privacy is protected for research subjects represented in data.
• Digital content is secured in online, near-line, and offline storage.
• Digital content is stored in preservable formats for current and future use.

Christopher A. Lee eta Helen R. Tibbo-k babes digitala (digital preservation) digital curation-en azpi-kontzeptu giltz bezala identifikatu izan dute. Babes digitalari hurrengo esanahia ematen dio Wikipedia Entzilopedia askeak: “se basa en la búsqueda de soluciones para conservar aquellos documentos digitales almacenados, sea cual sea su formato, el software, hardware o sistema que se utilizó para su creación, manteniendo así la información pese a los rápidos cambios tecnológicos”.

Garrantzitsua da baita content curation eta content aggregation-aren arteko muga eta desberdintasunak azpimarratzea; eta klaseko set4-an adierazi dudanez, “aggregation must be understood as the bringing together of content from various sources, while curation is about organizing, maintaining and adding value to a body of information for current and future use”.

Content curation eta informazio filtroaren arteko lotura estuaz, honela mintzo da Tony Karrer, ”It’s very hard to separate social filtering from curation. Automated aggregation without curation, is mostly spam; and so, the suggested solution is in the mix, a combination of both, human curation and machine aggregation, because both have their own limits”.

Neil Beagrie-ren laneko konklusio interesgarri batzuk aitatuko ditut postari amaiera emateko eta gaia ixteko;

Significant effort needs to be put into developing a persistent information infrastructure for digital materials and into developing the digital curation skills of researchers and information professionals. Without this, current investment in digitisation and digital content will only secure short-term rather than lasting benefits.

References:

• Christopher A. Lee and Helen R. Tibbo. “Digital Curation and Trusted Repositories: Step Towards Success”. 2007. Retrieved 2012.05.09 from http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/viewArticle/229/183.
• Tony Karrer. “Automated Filtering vs Human-Powered Curation”. 2010.09.20. Retrieved 2012.05.o9 from http://www.aggregage.com/blog/best/automated-filtering-human-powered-curation.
• Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. “Digital preservation”. 2012.03.18. Retrieved 2012.05.09 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservation.
• Neil Beagrie. “Digital Curation for Science, Digital Libraries, and Individuals”. 2006. Retrieved 2012.05.09 from http://ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/view/6.
  

Como usuaria de Wikipedia puedo crear, modificar y borrar el contenido de una página de forma fácil y gratuita, además de ver los cambios realizados instantáneamente en la misma; también, me permite escribir en colaboración a través de la Web y recuperar fácilmente cualquier información anterior o posterior a mi colaboración.

Usar Wikipedia tiene muchas ventajas: puedes, con gran libertad, crear y mejorar el contenido de páginas inmediatamente; al escribirse en linea se puede concentrar el trabajo de varias personas en una misma página  y dicho trabajo puede ser revisado y discutido simultáneamente dentro de ella; al interactuar, se aprende, se adquiere un compromiso de escritura y lectura común: la inteligencia colectiva que es integradora, ya que se trabaja con el conocimiento de cada uno de los colaboradores y se construye un conocimiento nuevo formado por lo sabido y lo suministrado a través de los demás. De esta manera se forma una nueva comunidad creativa que al mismo tiempo enseña y aprende.

We took a long time translating the article because it was quite long, but at the same time I think that it was a good chance to improve our skills on translation, mainly because it is something that we are going to be expected to do when we finish our degree. Apart from this, we were able to know more about Nora Roberts, how her life is, all her succes and how she get to get the fame that she has nowadays.

Editing the article in Wikipedia was a nice experience, we almost know how to do it, becuase we learned it editing our WCPlan, the exercices and so on, but, apart from that, we had the oportunity to learn new things, as for example how to categorize the article, how to create an “infobox”…

Since we were editing our article we could realize the human cooperation that this web site has. We were trying to do our infobox, but we could not edit it, and when the next day we were ready to follow editing it, we realize that a Wikipedia member did it for us, and apart from that, he improved our article. It was a big surprise for the group, so we investigated about this person, and we saw that he everyday helped people editing his articles, improving them, and even aswering some doubts about how to edit that the users asked him. We are so thankful, because thanks to him, our article is better than we think it was going to be. We can say that he is going to be the one who improved our mark.

The Community of Wikipedia

It’s useful to try to quantify community, while at the same time being a lot like sorting drops in the ocean. The essence of community is encoded in the word itself: come-ye-into-unity. At the essential level, community occurs anytime two or more people come into harmony (not necessarily agreement) around any subject. Community arises as a function of interest and participation. At some point beyond two participants, a community is actually a community of communities.

In a larger sense, the Wikipedia community includes all casual and/or anonymous editors, ideological supporters, current readers and even potential readers of all the language versions of Wikipedia-the-encyclopedia.

This covers a majority of the Earth’s human population, but it’s probably important to remember every once in a while that very, very many people have a stake in the content of the encyclopedia and the direction of the project.

A narrower definition of the Wikipedia community — for lack of a better word, let’s call it the Wikipedia contributor community — is that group of contributors who create an identity (either a user account, or a frequently-used anonymous IP), and who communicate with other contributors.

It’s debatable whether there are many Wikipedia communities, based on the different languages, or just one. Many of the members of the non-English communities participate in English Wikipedia as well. Technical issues are coordinated between all the Wikipedias, too.

References

• Members of Wikipedia (last modified on 27 April 2012 at 08:50). “Mary Ellen Snodgrass”. Retrieved 2012.05.07 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Snodgrass
• Members of Wikipedia (last modified 23 December 2011, at 23:10). “The Wikipedia Community”. Retrieved 2012.05.07 from: http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Community
  

After finding information about this nation, I realized that experts believe that, in general terms, its foreign policy is more related to pragmatism than to a visceral reaction[2]. We should not rely on stereotypes or simple and superficial arguments. The nuclear conflict in Iran is not as simple as it is described by some columnists, nor is it so dramatic.

At present, Iran is struggling to solve several conflicts. Whatever results from this should promote multilateral solutions that include an active commitment in the historic disputes of the region, like the one between Arabs and Israelites. Therefore, we would need a multilateral focal point supported by most of the countries in the United Nations. If this aim is reinforced by the affected region, it would allow convulsed areas like the Middle East or the Mediterranean, to achieve certain stability.

Apart from this, blinded by the sensationalism of the mass media, we are not conscious of the fact that we have given preference to the nuclear conflict in relation to other problems, such as the evident lack of some universal rights in Iran.

Iran is a country that greatly depends on youth (50% of the population is younger than twenty years old and 70% is younger than thirty[3]). Perhaps, instead of acclaiming the sanctions of the OIEA and of vivifying anti-Occidentalism, it would be more reasonable to promote certain universal values among the youth. The future of the country is in their hands.

Footnotes

1. Wine. (7 May 2012). In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine
2. Miguel Ángel Ballesteros Martín (2010). 5th Chapter “Irán como pivote geopolítico”:Relaciones exteriores de Irán con las grandes potencias. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. Page 74.
3. Demographic data available in the official web page of the C.I.A. (Central Inteligence Agency). Retrieved May 7, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html

Bibliography

• Several authors (2010). Irán como pivote geopolítico”:Relaciones exteriores de Irán con las grandes potencias. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa.

References

• Trix5000 (July 18, 2010). Tehran Milad Tower at Night. [Photograph in Wikipedia]. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tehranwnight34w.jpg?uselang=es

We had our articles’ drafts already planned and written down in our Littera Wiki  so we really only had to transfer them into the real Wikipedia. What really amazed me the most is the speed with which people work at Wikipedial. Just a few seconds after having uploaded our version, corrections appeared all over the article by people and even robots. The links were corrected almost intantaneously, as they were external links which were turned into internal ones.

Another thing that thrilled me was the fact that Wikipedia itself connects through robots all the articles written about the same topic in different languages. Although it can be done manually (and some of it, we did) Wikipedia has the means to link the distinct articles; that is to say: when we uploaded our Basque article it suddenly had the links for the Chinese, English, Spanish, German and French articles.

Furthermore, we also had to upload a picture on Wikimedia Commons in order to be able to add it to our article. It was amazing to see how all the Wikipedia franchises are connected to each other in an exquisite way: you have to upload pictures to Wikimedia Commons in order to put them in Wikipedia; as for texts we find Wikisource, for instance. The fact is that several minutes after having put the picture there, it was put out, and that is another thrilling element of Wikipedia: as everybody can interact and take part on the manteinance of the web, it is very easy to have things corrected, doubted and taken off from your article. In that way, I consider it a success not having had our articles deleted from there.

I think it is an unforgettable experience, that everybody has to live once in their lifetime at least. Now, I am going to try to upload a new picture into Wikimedia Commons, with the hope of not having it erased. The fact that everybody can cooperate into creating common knowledge is a privilege that not many people had before.

References:

• Wikipedia in Wikipedia, retrieved the 2012.05.06 from www.wikipedia.org
• Spring Subway (película). (2012, 4 de mayo). Wikipedia, La enciclopedia libre. Fecha de consulta: 09:03, mayo 6, 2012 desde http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Subway_(pel%C3%ADcula)&oldid=55893163.
• Seite „Spring Subway (Film)“. In: Wikipedia, Die freie Enzyklopädie. Bearbeitungsstand: 4. Mai 2012, 11:09 UTC. URL: http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Subway_(Film)&oldid=102697554 (Abgerufen: 6. Mai 2012, 09:04 UTC)
• Spring Subway (filma). (2012, maiatza 4). Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea. Retrieved 09:04, maiatza 6, 2012 from http://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Subway_(filma)&oldid=2857250.
• Spring Subway (Film). (2012, mai 4). Wikipédia, l’encyclopédie libre. Page consultée le 09:04, mai 6, 2012 à partir de http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Subway_(Film)&oldid=78327459.
• 開往春天的地鐵. (2012, May 4). Retrieved from 维基百科, 自由的百科全书: http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%80%E6%98%A5%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5&oldid=21054941
•  Wikimedia Commons in Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved the 2012.05.06 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

At the first stage we created the group and we selected the topic we were going to deal with in the article. This was a difficult task since we had different interests. After discussing it for a long time we decided to do something related to our degree and we wanted it to be something special, so we chose Nora Roberts. The main problem we had is that we did not know how to create a page in our wiki for the article. Then, we realised that we had to write the name properly written with the Infoman format and the wiki would create it for us. After realising this, we were ready to submit our work and edit there all the changes.

When our article was finished in our Infoman wiki, we created an account in Wikipedia. This supposed an achievement for me because I had never created any article for an organization as Wikipedia. I must acknowledge that it was interesting because I have looked for many other articles in Wikipedia and it was shocking to imagine myself creating one of those articles.

When we submitted the article, we looked at the history of the article and saw how a robot called GedawyBot was controlling our article. The next day, when we aimed to put a photograph of Nora Roberts in the article, we realized that the photo was already in our article and that it had been improved by a member called Marklar2007 .

I think that it was not until this moment that I realized what collaborative building was. I did some contributions about this topic, and I even wrote the definition of it in my class record, but I did not realize about it until our article was improved and checked by other members. I should say that I have learnt what collaborative building is and how it works and apart from that, I have got used to using the web to manage the information instead of using other tools that I could lose or break such as pendrives or notebooks. Consequently, I agree with the idea that Wikipedia explains us about the usefulness of the team work and I would apply this to the information management through the web:

The overall goals of team building are to increase the teams understanding of team dynamics and improve how the team works together. Unlike working as a group, working as a team incorporates group accountability rather than individual accountability and results in a collective work project. Team-building encourages the team approach to working on a project. There are many advantages to this approach.

References

1. Members of Wikipedia (last modified on 27 April 2012 at 08:50). “Mary Ellen Snodgrass”. Retrieved 2012.02.25 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Snodgrass
2. Members of Wikipedia (Orrialdearen azken aldaketa: 10:35, 1 maiatza 2012). “Nora Roberts”. Retrieved 2012.05.04 from:  http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Roberts
3. Members of Wikipedia (modificada por última vez el 27 abr 2012, a las 08:52.). “Eleanor Marie Robertson”. Retrieved 2012.05.04 from:  http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Marie_Robertson
4. Members of Wikipedia (last modified on 4 May 2012 at 00:24). “Team building”. Retrieved 2012.05.04 from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_building

Economic crisis and international reations

Hereby I do not intended to do a paradigmatic paper in the study of the crisis in relation to politics and international diplomacy, as well as I do not trust the plethora of ominous books promising to give the solution to the crisis. Notwithstanding, I would like to arouse the itch for further investigations ad inquerendum. The economic crisis has become a political crisis [1], and I am on the point of making it plain.Europe’s internal constraints to grow became plain with the first symptoms of its economies’ exhaustion. The persistence of the demographic pressure on a worn out and insecure economy, the rise in prices and, particularly, the escalation in land prices were the deciding factors in the crisis. A true speculative fever seized the real estate market and brought pressure to bear on prices upwards in an irrational manner. Yet, it was notably alarming that, so as to stand up to such crisis, the increase of the fiscal pressure as a falsely provisional measure and the unfair distribution of what collected gave rise to a wicked system which perpetuated the exploitation of the humble classes [2].

Does it not seem to ring a bell? These were, according to Bois, the causes of the European crisis, of the great ‘European crisis of the 14th century’, which brought about the beginning of the end of the Middle Ages. Notwithstanding, in the long term history handbooks will be able to assert, with no fear to make an attempt on rigor, exactly the same lines about the current crisis that lies ahead of us. It is ironic, and likewise woeful, that we can draw a clear comparison with the crisis of the Late Middle Ages, for it is not but the omen that our system – or rather our decisions – will get us sooner or later to a new recession.

In his celebrated initial paragraph of his ‘Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon’, Karl Marx observes that every event and important personage occur twice: the first time as a tragedy and then as a farce. Well then, the crises gave the impression to be the exception proving the rule, for they constantly sprout – some experts point out that every 50 years (Kondratiev long wave), others hold that every 9 (Juglar wave), even though the majority of theoritians share the opinion that there are recurrent surges acting regularly every 20 years (Kuznets wave).

The housing and subprime mortgages crisis elbows his way through history. Three years after the Bank of Spain confirmed it (February 2009) and more than four since our economy met its zenith to soon plummet, the severe recession we are going through urgently hurls comparisons in search of references to weigh up its impact and try to hazard, as far as possible, what the future has in store. Is it the most overbearing crisis of the last decades? Is it unrelenting? Is it different from others? How long does it take to overcome a crisis of such magnitude?

Inasmuch as the United States are regarded as hegemony and hence possess the majority of the world power, this crisis not only is an impediment to the world economy, but also to international relations, drawing to her all the attention regarding foreign policy and political dimensions. Thus, the nation’s diplomatic troops have by leaps and bounds turned out to be a key factor to warranty one’s prosperity; dialectics around this recurrent topic have become the countries’ arms in a desperate attempt not to drawn.

Indeed, for years there has not been a day when the press was not brimful of news concerning the economic and financial hardships, measures to be taken, political strains and torrid debates taking place in the international sphere. We could have the impression that there was nothing else going on in the world than the crisis; relevant worldwide issues sank into oblivion for the Western countries, in a real predicament. Many international actors have played a relevant role channeling the crisis; many have ended up in a quandary, for decisions made in one corner of the globe can alter any other part of this globalized world. Hence the importance of such international organizations such as the IMF, the World Bank and the CRAs.

But the most important point here is that the economic crisis has brought about a true political crisis. Paraphrasing Cordell Hull, ‘the political goof followed the economic goof’ [3].

Indeed, political leadership has been severely affected, especially US international leadership as well as attitudes toward the United States have been altered. Prior to the crisis, the United States were viewed as a monopoly in a way because they had a privileged control on the economy. However, this economic crisis has sparked doubts among nations and negatively changed their stance toward the American hegemony. Foremost, the crisis has weakened the free-market capitalism, their economic system, causing the world economy to shift away from the United States, whose global power has been weakened. Likewise, the US style democracy – model to date – has been deteriorated [4]. The laissez-faire model of the industrialized West has proved not to be effective. Since 2007, relations between states have weakened, nationalism is on the increase and Europeism is more and more called into question [5], since states are more concerned about their own matters rather than the problems of other countries. Hence, it is not surprising that the world is shifting from a unipolar system to a multipolar one, as Altman asserts [6].

Moreover, the crisis has threatened national security. Goals for national foreign policy, especially the maintenance of political stability, have been hindered to such a degree that many nations had no choice but to resort to protectionism – as happened in the 1930’s, although this time not with fascist dyeings -. With the crisis extending to developing and emerging states, it begins to affect regimes and perceived countries of influence. Not only burdens have been imposed on the European Union, but also disagreement concerning policies between the United States and Germany/France has erupted [7]. Furthermore, according to D.K. Nanto, increasing violence and terrorism in various states are signs of the severity of the crisis [8].

Nevertheless, along with the negative effects brought by the crisis, positive aspects can be deducted as well. The “beggar thy neighbor” policies [9] are not all the rage anymore. Countries have now opted -at least in front of the cameras – for lending a hand to each other and setting their shoulders to the wheel seeking for a collective prosperity. “The question, ‘Who ought to be the boss?’ is like asking ‘Who ought to be the tenor in the quartet?’ Obviously, the man who can sing tenor”. These are words attributed to Henry Ford, but which must have been thought by many personages along history.

Charles P. Kindleberger would admit, half a century after 1929, “in these circumstances, the international economic and monetary system needs leadership, a country which is prepared, consciously or unconsciously, under some system of rules that it has internalized, to set standards of conduct for other countries; and to seek to get others to follow them, to take on an undue share of the burdens of the system, and in particular to take on its support in adversity by accepting its redundant commodities, maintaining a flow of investment capital and discounting its paper” [10]. Thus, Germany is today the locomotive, and Greece, Spain and others are the astray carriages in a race against the so-called ‘BRICS’ in order not to sink.

References

1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/wonkbook-the-economic-crisis-has-become-a-political- crisis/2011/09/06/gIQA3SaK6J_blog.html (04/05/2012)
2. Furió, Diego, La primera gran depresión europea, elpais.com/negocios (10/01/2012)
3. Hull, Cordell, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, 2 vols., Hodder & Stoughton, New York, 1948, I, p. 364 mentioned in Young J.W. and Kent J., International Relations Since 1945. A Global History, Oxford University Press, 2004, p.75
4. Altman, R. C., The great crash, 2008. Foreign Affairs, 2009
5. Nanto, D., The global financial crisis: Analysis and policy implications, Congressional Research Service, 2009
6. Íbid. 4
7. Nanto, D., The global financial crisis: Foreign and trade policy effects, Congressional Research Service, 2009. Retrieved on April 27, 2012 from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40496.pdf
8. This striking piece of news highlights this fact and makes our hair stand on end: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/30/actualidad/1325272878_360030.html
9. Countries have been largely deemed to have tried to get out of the Great Depression of 1930’s by worsening the others’ economic situation. This has been called the ‘beggar thy neighbor’. To know more about this: Rothermund, Dietmar, The Global impact of the Great Depression 1929–1939. Routledge, 1996
10. Kindleberger, Charles P., The World in Depression 1929-1939, Chapter 1, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1973, page 28

Filed under: Economy ]]> http://litteramedia.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/the-locomotive-and-the-astray-carriages/feed/ 0 http://litteramedia.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/jean-baudrillard/ http://litteramedia.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/jean-baudrillard/#comments Thu, 03 May 2012 07:32:36 +0000 Alba Garmendia http://litteramedia.wordpress.com/?p=15445 ]]> A multifaceted man, Jean Baudrillard was a French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist, political commentator, and photographer. His life and ideas will be subject of examination in the following post. He mostly analyzed the way technological progress affects social change, but his work has been rich and productive in general. Le Système des objets has been one of his most well known works.

Jean Baudrillard was born in the North of France, in the city of Reims the 27th July 1929. His grandparents were peasants and civil servants his parents, but he studied at the Reims Lycée to become a philosopher, becoming the first on his family attending university studies. It was in that institute where he came in contact with  pataphysics through his philosophy teacher Emmanuel Peille, but his early life was more influenced by the Algerian War in  1950s and 1960s than with philosophy.

He made his University studies in Sorbonne University, where he studied German language and literature. Thanks to those studies, he started to teach German in different Parisian institutes during the years 1960 and 1966. While he tought, however, he also made several literature analysis and translation of the works of Peter Weiss, Bertotld Brecht, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels or Wilhelm Emil Mühlmannen.

Afterwards, his interest centred more in sociology, so his thesis Le Système des objets was also related to it, which criticizes the consumer society and consumism. Therefore, he started teaching sociology at the Université de Paris-X Nanterre, a university that would play an important role in the May 68 events.

Even if he worked in France, Baudrillard had also moved to New York (1970) and Japan (1973), where he bought his first camera. In 1986, back in Paris, the philosopher made his last steps as a lecturer in the Univerity of Paris-IX Dauphine. Even if he did not lose contact with the academic world, he would start leaving appart sociology, and would be identified more with his own ideology than with any other discipline.

His influence came from Marcel Mauss, Geordes Bataille, Jean-Paul Sartre, Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky and Sigmund Freud, but he was also influenced by the Situationists, Surrealism, psychoanalysis and Marxism. As for his philosophy, it is said to be centred on ‘hyperreality’ and ‘simulation’; as explained in The European Graduate School where he worked, “the virtual or unreal nature of contemporary culture in an age of mass communication and mass consumption”.

Le Système des objets was the book he wrote in 1999. Classifying everyday objects into asfunctional, nonfunctional and metafunctional ones, Baudrillard makes a cultural critique comparing modern and traditional objects as well. Being one of his mayor works, this book has been very important for the development and the building of his philosophy. Therefore, it is an important thesis to take into account for his biography in Wikipedia.

An important and complex work about metaphysics, the thesis is an interesting thesis for philosophy students. As said, Jean Baudrillard was a multifaceted man that made an admirable work in either discipline.

References:

• In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2012, April 2): “Jean Baudrillard”. Retrieved April 18, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baudrillard&oldid=485206561
• José Andrés Bonetti (1995): “Jean Baudrillard y la desaparición de la historia”. Retrieved 18.04.2012 from http://www.robertexto.com/archivo13/desap_historia.htm
• The European Graduate School: “Jean Baudrillard – Biography”. Retrieved 18.04.2012 from http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jean-baudrillard/biography/
• Jean Baudrillard (1999): “The System of Objects”. Retrieved 19.04.2012 from http://books.google.es/books?id=0T3-3Ce5VocC&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=system+of+objects+Baudrillard&source=bl&ots=8JpLAfuzsg&sig=2tDidMZWm4gsiMRV9mKOpngTOks&hl=es&sa=X&ei=D8yPT_4Gp5vUBefq4OsB&ved=0CGMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=system%20of%20objects%20Baudrillard&f=false

Liburuen arteko konexioa ezartzeko, ziten sistema erabili zuten. BackRub zuen sistema horren izena, geroagoko Google-ek erabiltzen duen PageRank egiteko eredutzat erabili zutena.

Google Books-ek publikoak diren lanak deskargatzeko aukera ematen du. Hauek PDF-ra pasatzen ditu. Estatu Batuetan, publikoak ez direnak ere deskargatzen uzten du. Europan, aldiz, Google-ek konprobatu behar du lanak autorearen mende ez daudela libura deskargatu nahi den eremuan.

Oso harrera ona izan du jendartean, sarean dagoen giza jakinminaren korpus handienatzat jo daiteke eta. Gainera, ezagutza zabaltzen laguntzen duenez, inor ez dago zerbitzuaren kontra. Hala ere, baditu bere alde txarrak, autore askoren eskubideen bortxaketa eman dela argudiatzen baitute legeetako hainbat sektorek.

Lehen esan den bezala, jende asko dago Google Books-en erabileraren alde, nola Kevin Bergquist, unibertsitate mailako ikaslea. Honek, hurrengoa dio Michiganeko Unibertsitateko webgunean publikatutako artikulu batean:

“Google-en proiektuak ongizate publikoa sustazten du…Google Book Search-ek, Michigango Unibertsitateko liburuekin, giza-jakinminaren corpusa hartu eta jakintza hori nahi duen edonoren eskura jartzen du.”

Beraz, Google, sareko izkututako gune guztiak erakusteaz aparte, gure esku hamaika liburu jartzeko gai da. Unibertsitate mailan eskuak zabalik jaso dute zerbitzu honen sorrera, ezinhobea baita lanentzako bibliografia egoki eta zehatz bat izateko. Hala ere, badira arazoak Espainia mailan, agertzen diren liburu gehienak ingelesez idatzita baitaude.

Erreferentziak:

• Google Books, webgune ofiziala http://books.google.es/
• Google-eko liburuen bilaketaren historia http://books.google.com/intl/es/googlebooks/history.html
• Biografias y vidas, Sergei Brin, http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/b/brin.htm
• Edukativos, Larry Page, http://www.edukativos.com/biografias/biografia786.html
• Michiganeko Unibertsitatea,Google project promotes public good, http://www.ur.umich.edu/0506/Feb13_06/02.shtml
• BackRub, ¿la primera patente de Google? http://javiercasares.com/blog/primera-patente-google-backrub/
• PageRank-eko webgune ofiziala http://www.mipagerank.com/

Reality is not always probable, or likely – Jorge Luis Borges

Hyperreality gathers technological, economical, political and other ambits. Some of its related topics are:

• Consensus reality
• Reality shifts
• Simulated reality

And some renowned theorists of hyperreality are:

• Jean Baudrillard
• Albert Borgmann
• Daniel Boorstin
• Umberto Eco

The last one, Umberto Eco, understood that we create realistic fabrications in an effort to come up with something that is better than real – a description that is true of virtually all fiction and culture, which gives us things that are more exciting, more beautiful, more inspiring, more terrifying, and generally more interesting than what we encounter in everyday life.

Hyperreality is usually treated by postmodern philosophy, and analyzes themes such as Matrix or Disney World. If you are more interested in it, you could visit our class-record about hyperreality, related topics and further infomation.

References:

• Hyperreality. (2012, March 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11:21, April 24, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperreality&oldid=482830924
• John Wiley and Sons (2012.02.29). Hyperreality, in Wiley. Retrieved 201.02.19 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog280/abstract;jsessionid=B58E683761D7B2CDDB83054A54EC82D2.d02t04?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=
• Ken Sanes (2011). Traveling Through Hyperreality With Umberto Eco, in Transparency. Retrieved 2012.04.30 from http://www.transparencynow.com/eco.htm
• Kevin Lin (2009.10.22). On Hyperreality: Borges & Baudrillard, in Binary|Simulacra. Retrieved 2012.04.19 from http://binarysimulacra.wordpress.com/2009/10/22/borges-inverts-the-ludic-fallacy

Sources:

• First image taken on 2012.04.24 from http://payload.cargocollective.com/1/0/8631/83174/hyperreality2.jpg
• Second image taken on 2012.04.24 from http://litteramedia.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/matrixcode.gif?w=300
• Jorge Luis Borges’ quote taken on 2012.04.24 from http://www.quotegarden.com/reality.html

Jean Baudrillard wrote many books and “Simulacra and simulation“ (1981) is one of the most important. His book begins with an phrase of the Eclesiastes (a book of the Old Testament):

The simulacrum is never that which conceals the truth–it is the truth which conceals that there is none. The simulacrum is true

In this book he  makes an attempt to seek the relationship among reality, symbols, and society. In Simulacra and Simulation Jean Braudrillard explains how the reality has been replaced by symbols and signs, and as a consequence, he thinks that now humans live in a “simulation of reality”. In this world, the reality has become irrelevant for our understanding of life. In the opinion of the author, the society is saturated with all these simulacra and as al being are mutable now, they have become meaningless. In the next fragment of his word, he explains our actual situation, “The age of simulation” and what this means:

 The transition from signs which dissimulate something to signs which dissimulate that there is nothing, marks the decisive turning point. The first implies a theology of truth and secrecy (to which the notion of ideology still belongs). The second inaugurates an age of simulacra and simulation, in which there is no longer any God to recognize his own, nor any last judgment to separate truth from false, the real from its artificial resurrection, since everything is already dead and risen in advance

As we have seen, Jean Baudrillard is quite known and has developed a huge work with a lot of books. However he has also been critizized by some scholars as for example from Alan Sokal, famous due to his criticism to postmodernism:

Baudrillard is not disputing the trivial issue that reason remains operative in some actions, that if I want to arrive at the next block, for example, I can assume a Newtonian universe (common sense), plan a course of action (to walk straight for X meters, carry out the action, and finally fulfill my goal by arriving at the point in question). What is in doubt is that this sort of thinking enables a historically informed grasp of the present in general. According to Baudrillard, it does not. The concurrent spread of the hyperreal through the media and the collapse of liberal and Marxist politics as the master narratives, deprives the rational subject of its privileged access to truth. In an important sense individuals are no longer citizens, eager to maximise their civil rights, nor proletarians, anticipating the onset of communism. They are rather consumers, and hence the prey of objects as defined by the code.

Probably there are many different type of opinions about the works of this scholar, but it is clear that he offered different ideas. Jean Baudrillard left us the 6 March of 2007 but his works remain with us, always offering the ideas of their father. Moreover, it has to be said that there is an International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, which  is an “international, peer-reviewed, open access , non-profit, transdisciplinary publication” edited by Gerry Coulter that is dedicated to engaging the thought and writing of Jean Baudrillard.

Apart from that, and if we analyze the relevance of the sources about the author, we can say that they are relevant because both The European Graduate School and The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy are well known and respetable sources. Morevoer, his own book, Simulacra and Simulation, is also a first choice source with his own thoughts.

References

• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2003)”Jean Baudrillard” Retrieved 22.04.2012 from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/baudrillard/ Found in Google.
• The European Graduate School “Jean Baudrillard – Biography” Retrieved 22.04.2012 from http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jean-baudrillard/biography/ Found in Google.
• Jean Baudrillard. (2012, April 2).  In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:51, April 23, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baudrillard&oldid=485206561
• Alan Sokal. (2012, April 10).  In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11:03, April 23, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Sokal&oldid=486715578Simulacra and Simulation. (2012, April 22).  In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11:04, April 23, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulacra_and_Simulation&oldid=488721873
• Baudrillard, J. (2005). Cultura y simulacro. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=es&lr=&id=ZYeYn9AiMqgC&pgis=1

Sources

Jean Baudrillard photo. Retrieved 23/04/2012 from http://lukeinlimbo.wordpress.com/2010/10/27/interpreting-meaning-as-pharmakon-the-good-the-bad-and-the-hyperreal-in-andy-warhol%E2%80%99s-mao-paintings/

The one who insists on hitting a rock on the moon will not get it, but will end up knowing how to handle the slingshot.                                           Arabian proverb

This proverb sums up the spirit that in the decade of 1960 to 195o led the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union to start a space race culminating in the arrival of American astronauts on Apollo 11 to the Moon in August 1969. There is one little difference between the proverb and reality: the man succeeded in walking onto the Moon. This is one of the most important historical events of the twentieth century that capped a process of technological expertise, but that, in turn, hid a cultural and political confrontation between the two blocs. As mentioned, it was a race, a competition between two parties and countries to step on the moon, so that, when studying this event, it is vital to avoid bias. Therefore,  official press and official news agencies are going to be attended in documenting this historic event. Here are two examples: 

• From El Mundo digital newspapper this special report about the 40 years since the man walked on the moon. It has been written by Amado Herrero, Carlos Fresneda, Pablo Jaúregi, Ángel Díaz, Mario Viciosa, Raquel Quílez and Fernando Mas, all of them proffesional journalists especialised in writing and editing for diverse newspaper, such as El Mundo or La Gaceta de los negocios newspapers. The report is divided in 7 sections: La Odisea del Apolo 11, Los 12 magníficos, Así lo viví, Fascinante, La cara cultural, La carrera espacial and El regreso. As it cab be inferred, the report provides key information in order to understand the development of the space race. This data can be considered as verifiabiable because it has been published in a national newspaper and its authors are proffesional writers. Furthermore, the information presented is supported by videos and aditional information from NASA and professional agencies. Finally, there is some additional videos who show relevant people who lived the Space Race first-person. Consecuently, this report is crucial to consult and support any article about the Space Race.

• An article from RIA Novosti. The International Information Agency of Russia, “RIA Novosti” is one of the most prestigious sources of information in Russia and abroad. It discloses sociopolitical, economic, scientific and financial information. Although it is an article where opinion is manifested, it is a very valuable source because the opinions expressed are those of first-hand, namely, people in the article were participants in the space race. It’s been written by Konstantín Bogdánov, a Russian anthropologist and philologist whose areas of investigation covers Russian culture, including folklore, rhetoric, and the history of science and humanities. Moreover, the pictures showed are selected from NASA and Routers, both prestigious institutions, so it an be said this page is veriafiable. Finally, it is important to note that the agency RIA is a major source of information, offering articles on the same topic, such as an article called “Obama reaffirmed the U.S. willingness to develop its space program” that are interesting when discussing the future of space activity.

These two examples serve as reference information to support a detailed analysis of this event. As it has been mentioned, both are reliable sources, written by media professionals and published in official newspapers or agencies. As already said, no information will be used in a partial way and in the case of quoted words of the protagonists, their intention is merely informative and testimonial, that is, this does not make any kind of apology or sympathy or pretend policy positioned at all. History has many prisms, but it must be seen through the prism of truth.

References:

• El Mundo digital, 40 años en la Luna, 2009. Retrieved 28/2/2012. http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2009/07/ciencia/llegada_hombre_luna_1969/testimonios/index.html
• RIA Novosti.  La carrera espacial entre Estados Unidos y la URSS fue muy intensa y terminó en empate. Mundo 28/02/2011. Retrieved 28/2/12. http://sp.rian.ru/opinion_analysis/20110228/148443802.html

This sentence of John F. Kennedy, perfectly sums up the situation and composition of the world in the Cold War era. On the one hand USA and on the other, the USSR. The capitalist bloc and the communist bloc. Two ideologies, one goal: world domination.

Both were eager to global consideration, as the top world power, as the clearly dominant in the world, as the kings of kings. Both states, in that way for the supremacy, in that way to show the world who was the best, they engaged in a race to reach the moon. This battle lasted from 1957 – 1975 and it involved a huge financial effort, but also a great step forward for science.

On the 28/02/2011 the russian Konstantín Bogdánov published an article entitled “The space race between USA and USSR was intense and ended in a draw.”  This article is divided into different sections as “First intercontinental ballistic missile”, “USA space program” and “Who will be the first to walk on the moon?”, and offers a wide information about the race to space, being a very interesting source about this subject. As it is said in the title, the author, after various researches, reaches the conclusion that both drawed in this intense space race.

To finish collating the required information, the newspaper El Mundo contains an interesting article, in which, divided into different chapters, as “SPUTNIK 1“, “LAIKA”, “YURI GAGARIN”,  ”ALEXEY LEONOV” and other, is shown how thrilling the space race was. The report also includes many features about this historic event, such as the trip of Neil Amstrong and the 12 “moonwalkers”.

To sum up, this wikipedia article, written in basque, is intended to explain  the space race that pitted two powers, from both points of view, that is, from the Russian point of view, as in the article Bogdánov, and later explaining the point of view offered by NASA.

References:

http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2009/07/ciencia/llegada_hombre_luna_1969/12_magnificos/index.html

http://sp.rian.ru/opinion_analysis/20110228/148443802.html

Film hau, Carolinako Iparraldean kokatzen da, eta protagonista bezala Allie Hamilton eta Noah Calouhn dira, hain zuzen ere, 40. hamarkadan kokaturiko maitasun historio baten azterketa. Bertan erakusten da, gizarte-maila eta familiek onartu ez arren euren harremana aterako dutela, eta baita atera ere. Gero urte batzuk igarota, zaharrak direnean, Noahk bere emazteari gaztetan idatzitako gertakizunak irakurriko dizkio, izan ere, Alliek alzehimerra dauka.

Aipatzekoak dira, film hau egiten duten aktoreak, hala nola: Ryan Gosling,Rachel McAdams, James Garner, Gena Rowlands, James Marsden, Kevin Connolly…

Arrakasta handia izan duen liburua eta filma da, mundu osoko bihotzak hunkitu baititu hala nola, halaxe adierazi dute aditu batzuek, besteak beste:

• Joe Morgenstenek (The Wall Street Journal) esaterako, “Sorpresa bikain bat bezala” deskribatu du.
• Peter Travers-ek”Puede que sea cursi, pero también es absorbente, dulce y con excelentes interpretaciones.  Evita muchos de los almibarados peligros del género.”
• Michael Wilmingtonek,  Chicago Tribunen.Tuve la misma reacción alérgica a este enjuague -a mandíbula llena- de lágrimas que cuando leí la novela de Nicolas Parks sobre la que está inspirada”
•  Diario el Mundoko, Francisco Mareinerok: “Mala. (…) Cuesta imaginar mayor acumulación de tópicos para conmover con la historia de amor de dos adolescentes”

Beraz, argi eta garbi ikusten da bakoitzak bere iritzi propioa izan arren, nobela hau oso arrakastatsua izan dela.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

http://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film738597.html